Use fDisk
root@raspberrypi:/home/pi# sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 8068 MB, 8068792320 bytes 4 heads, 16 sectors/track, 246240 cylinders, total 15759360 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000b5098Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 122879 57344 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)/dev/mmcblk0p2 122880 14878719 7377920 83 Linux root@raspberrypi:/home/pi# tune2fs -c 0 /dev/mmcblk0p2 tune2fs 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)Setting maximal mount count to -1 root@raspberrypi:/home/pi#
Manage Linux system logs
using init-scripts:/etc/init.d/syslogd stop
We will first solve the usual corruption culprit and then move on to making sure we are covered when our programs decide to blow up.
The following two lines should be added to /etc/fstab:
/var/run tmpfs size=1M,noatime 0 0none /var/log tmpfs size=1M,noatime 0 0
After this, /etc/fstab should look as follows:
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0/dev/mmcblk0p1 /boot vfat ro,noatime 0 2/dev/mmcblk0p2 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1none /var/run tmpfs size=1M,noatime 0 0none /var/log tmpfs size=1M,noatime 0 0
Disable swapping
Run the following commands to disable swapping forever on your system:
sudo dphys-swapfile swapoff sudo dphys-swapfile uninstall sudo update-rc.d dphys-swapfile remove #After doing this, call free -m in order to see your memory usage pi@raspberrypi ~ $ free -m total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 438 59 378 0 9 27-/+ buffers/cache: 22 416Swap: 0 0 0
see your memory usage:
free -m
You can tell it to keep no backups by specifying rotate 0 (or a lower number) for the specific log. Look in /etc/logrotate.d to find the specific configuration fragment. It’s been awhile since I’ve looked into logrotate but I think you can specify it to limit the size of files and such.Poszczególne logi zablokowałem # w pliku /etc/rsyslog.conf
I also changed:
/etc/logrotate.conf >> rotate=0
Check Actual Disk IO
important:report from
iotop -obtaqqq > output.txt
14:50:27 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.77 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:27 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:29 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.71 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:29 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:30 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.65 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:30 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:31 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.76 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:31 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:33 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.71 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:33 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:34 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.67 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:34 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:35 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.63 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:35 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:37 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.59 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:37 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:38 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.72 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:38 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:39 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.69 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:39 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:41 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.66 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:41 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:42 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.63 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:42 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:43 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.65 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:43 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:45 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.62 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:45 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:46 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.60 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:46 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 8.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:47 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.61 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:47 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 8.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:49 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 40.00 K 0.00 % 0.60 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:49 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 8.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:50 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 40.00 K 0.00 % 0.58 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:50 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 12.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:51 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 40.00 K 0.00 % 0.56 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:51 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 12.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:52 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 40.00 K 0.00 % 0.54 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:52 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 12.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq14:50:54 37 be/3 root 0.00 B 40.00 K 0.00 % 0.65 % [jbd2/mmcblk0p2-]14:50:54 15706 be/4 root 0.00 B 16.00 K 0.00 % 0.01 % python /usr/sbin/iotop -obtaqqq
jbd2
jbd2 is causing disk utilization
[https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=113516&p=2]
Add commit to /etc/fstab like this:/dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults,noatime,commit=60 0 1
Add commit to /etc/fstab like this:
/dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults,noatime,commit=60 0 1
or
cp /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d/journal-commit /etc/pm/power.d/journal-commit
and then edit /etc/pm/power.d/journal-commit and change this value there.
Of course if you have pm-utils installed at all, but I guess it’s some opendesktop depedency.
Disable ext4 jurnaling
I decided to use Ext4 with disabled journal.
# Create ext4 fs on /dev/sda10 diskmkfs.ext4 /dev/sda10
Enable writeback mode. This mode will typically provide the best ext4 performance.
tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/sda10
Delete has_journal option
Required fsck
e2fsck -f /dev/sda10
Check fs options
dumpe2fs /dev/sda10 |more
For more performance add fstab opions: data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime
i.e:
/dev/sda10 /opt ext4 defaults,data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime 0 0
This step disables journal
# Delete has_journal optiontune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sda10
Or when creating:
mkfs.ext4 -O ^has_journal /dev/sda10
List of disks:
etc/fstab proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/mmcblk0p1 /boot vfat defaults 0 2 /dev/mmcblk0p2 / ext4 defaults,noatime,commit=60 0 1
tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/mmcblk0p2 tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/mmcblk0p2
Required fsck
e2fsck -f /dev/mmcblk0p2
Check fs options
dumpe2fs /dev/mmcblk0p2 | more
References
http://crashmag.net/disable-filesystem-check-fsck-at-boot-timehttp://www.ideaheap.com/2013/07/stopping-sd-card-corruption-on-a-raspberry-pi/http://sirlagz.net/2013/03/10/script-automatic-rpi-image-downsizer/http://www.raspberrypi-spy.co.uk/2012/06/resize-sd-card-partitions/http://www.ediy.com.my/index.php/blog/item/61-resizing-sd-card-partitions-for-raspberry-pihttp://superuser.com/questions/826951/disable-logging-on-raspian-debianhttps://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=113516&p=2http://fenidik.blogspot.com/2010/03/ext4-disable-journal.html
leszekjaskierny.wordpress.com 